//ams.alcoaschools.net/apps/classes/1047331/assignments/ Class Name: American History 23-24-Fox 2nd Period Instructor(s): Lon Fox en-us SchoolSitePro //ams.alcoaschools.net/homeworkItem9997128 //ams.alcoaschools.net/apps/classes/1047331/assignments/ ]]> Tue, 30 Apr 2024 13:50:40 PDT //ams.alcoaschools.net/homeworkItem9997131 //ams.alcoaschools.net/apps/classes/1047331/assignments/ ]]> Tue, 30 Apr 2024 13:50:42 PDT //ams.alcoaschools.net/homeworkItem9997133 //ams.alcoaschools.net/apps/classes/1047331/assignments/ ]]> Tue, 30 Apr 2024 13:50:43 PDT //ams.alcoaschools.net/homeworkItem9997137 //ams.alcoaschools.net/apps/classes/1047331/assignments/ ]]> Tue, 30 Apr 2024 13:50:46 PDT //ams.alcoaschools.net/homeworkItem9895614 //ams.alcoaschools.net/apps/classes/1047331/assignments/
DBQ on the Google Form. Some of these questions may be used on the Reconstruction Unit Test. 

Step One:  Review Historical Background:  Reconstruction 1865-1877

After the Civil War, three different plans for Reconstruction would be proposed. Lincoln’s 10% plan, Andrew Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction, and Radical Reconstruction. Unfortunately, Lincoln’s plan was never successfully
implemented because of his assassination. Even worse, Andrew Johnson’s presidential Reconstruction plan  clashed
with Congress’ radical reconstruction plan. Johnson favored the South and worked against the Radical Republicans in Congress by vetoing and opposing their plan that was more strict in its approach towards the South. To better understand the story of Reconstruction, read the following passage and underline/highlight any important information.

Lincoln’s Original Plan for Reconstruction
Information from: http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/reconstruction/section1.rhtml

Lincoln’s blueprint for Reconstruction included the Ten-Percent Plan, which specified that a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10 percent of its voters (from the voter rolls for the election of 1860) swore an oath of allegiance to the Union.   All southerners except for high-ranking Confederate army officers and government officials would be granted a full pardon. Lincoln guaranteed southerners that he would protect their private property, though not their slaves. Most moderate Republicans in Congress supported the president’s proposal for Reconstruction because they wanted to bring a quick end to the war…. His (Lincoln’s) actions indicate that he wanted Reconstruction to be a short so that the United States could exist as it had before. But historians can only speculate that
Lincoln desired a swift reunification, for his assassination in 1865 cut his plans for Reconstruction short.

Presidential Reconstruction
Information from http://www.ushistory.org/us/35a.asp
Andrew Johnson, the 17th President of the United States, was pro-slavery throughout his career in the Senate and as the Military Governor of Tennessee.   The views of the Vice President rarely matter too much, unless something happens to
the President. Following Lincoln's assassination, Johnson's views now mattered a great deal. Would he follow Lincoln's moderate approach to reconciliation? Would he support limited black suffrage as Lincoln did? Would he follow the
Radical Republicans and be harsh and punitive toward the South? Johnson believed the Southern states should decide the course that was best for them. He also felt that African-Americans were unable to manage their own lives. He
certainly did not think that African-Americans deserved to vote. At one point in 1866 he told a group of blacks visiting the White House that they should emigrate to another country.

He also gave amnesty and pardon to former Confederates. He returned all property, except, of course, their slaves, to former Confederates who pledged loyalty to the Union and agreed to support the 13th Amendment. Confederate officials and owners of large taxable estates were required to apply individually for a Presidential pardon. Many former Confederate leaders were soon returned to power. And some even sought to regain their Congressional seniority.

Johnson's vision of Reconstruction had proved remarkably lenient. Very few Confederate leaders were persecuted. By 1866, 7,000 Presidential pardons had been granted. Brutal beatings of African-Americans were frequent. Still-powerful whites sought to subjugate freed slaves via harsh laws that came to be known as the BLACK CODES. Some states required written evidence of employment for the coming year or else the freed slaves would be required to work on plantations. In South Carolina, African-Americans had to pay a special tax if they were not farmers or servants. They were not even allowed to hunt or fish in some areas. Blacks were unable to own guns — and even had their dogs taxed. African-Americans were barred from orphanages, parks, schools and other public facilities. The FREEDMAN'S BUREAU, a federal agency created to help the
transition from slavery to emancipation, was thwarted in its attempts to provide for the welfare of the newly emancipated. All of these rules resulted in the majority of freed slaves remaining dependent on the plantation for work.

Andrew Johnson's policies were initially supported by most Northerners – including Republicans. But, there was no consensus as to what rights African-Americans received along with Emancipation. Yet a group of Radical Republicans wanted the rights promised in the Declaration of Independence extended to include all free men, including those who were formerly slaves. A political power struggle was in the offing

Radical Reconstruction led by Congress
Information from: http://www.ushistory.org/us/35b.asp
The Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites. They also believed that the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil War. Leaders like Pennsylvania REPRESENTATIVE THADDEUS STEVENS and Massachusetts SENATOR CHARLES SUMNER vigorously opposed Andrew Johnson's lenient policies. A great political battle was about to unfold.

At the heart of their (Radical Republican)beliefs was the notion that blacks must be given a chance to compete in a free-labor economy. In 1866, this activist Congress also introduced a bill to extend the life of the Freedmen's Bureau and began work on the CIVIL RIGHTS BILL of 1866. President Johnson stood in opposition. He vetoed the Freedmen's Bureau Bill, claiming that it would bloat the size of government. He vetoed the Civil Rights Bill rejecting that blacks have the "same rights of property and person" as whites.

Moderate Republicans were appalled at Johnson's racism. They joined with the Radicals to overturn Johnson's Civil Rights Act veto. This marked the first time in history that a major piece of legislation was overturned. The Radicals hoped that the Civil Rights Act would lead to an active federal judiciary with courts enforcing rights.

Congress then turned its attention to amending the Constitution. In 1867 they approved the far-reaching Fourteenth Amendment, which prohibited "states from abridging equality before the law." The second part of the Amendment provided for a reduction of a state's representatives if suffrage was denied. Republicans, in essence, offered the South a choice — accept black enfranchisement or lose congressional representation. A third clause barred ex-Confederates from holding state or national office. 

The Republicans went on to introduce the Reconstruction Act of 1867. This removed the right to vote and seek office by "leading rebels." Now the SOUTHERN
UNIONISTS — Southerners who supported the Union during the War — became the new Southern leadership. The Reconstruction Act also divided the South into five military districts under commanders empowered to employ the army to protect black property and citizens.

The first two years of Radical Congressional Reconstruction saw Southern states rewrite their Constitutions and the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment. Congress seemed fully in control. For the first time, blacks were elected to Congress, and in 1868, the new voters helped elect Republican U. S. Grant to the Presidency.  Black codes were repealed, segregation was outlawed.  By 1870, most Southern states had been admitted back into the Union. The 15th Amendment was
added to the Constitution that protected the right to vote to all citizens
regardless of “race or previous condition of servitude.  Congress set about rebuilding Southern lands.  Taxes in the South raised 400%.  Southerners blamed Republicans and freedmen for the high taxes.  Secret societies
such as the KKK were formed to threaten black voters and/or potential office holders. 

The End of Reconstruction
In 1872, Congress passed the Amnesty Act that permitted former Confederates in the South the right to vote. Southern voters elected most of the old Democrats back into power.   The KKK still threatened black voters.  And in 1876, the disputed presidential election resulted in what is called the Compromise of 1877.  The Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes took the presidency, but in return, he agreed to pull out the last of the military from the South.  Radical Reconstruction was officially over. Southern Democrats created Jim Crow laws, brought back segregation, andthey worked to limit the voting rights of freedman by imposing poll taxes and literacy tests.
]]> Wed, 10 Apr 2024 05:16:26 PDT //ams.alcoaschools.net/homeworkItem9895617 //ams.alcoaschools.net/apps/classes/1047331/assignments/
DBQ on the Google Form. Some of these questions may be used on the Reconstruction Unit Test. 

Step One:  Review Historical Background:  Reconstruction 1865-1877

After the Civil War, three different plans for Reconstruction would be proposed. Lincoln’s 10% plan, Andrew Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction, and Radical Reconstruction. Unfortunately, Lincoln’s plan was never successfully
implemented because of his assassination. Even worse, Andrew Johnson’s presidential Reconstruction plan  clashed
with Congress’ radical reconstruction plan. Johnson favored the South and worked against the Radical Republicans in Congress by vetoing and opposing their plan that was more strict in its approach towards the South. To better understand the story of Reconstruction, read the following passage and underline/highlight any important information.

Lincoln’s Original Plan for Reconstruction
Information from: http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/reconstruction/section1.rhtml

Lincoln’s blueprint for Reconstruction included the Ten-Percent Plan, which specified that a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10 percent of its voters (from the voter rolls for the election of 1860) swore an oath of allegiance to the Union.   All southerners except for high-ranking Confederate army officers and government officials would be granted a full pardon. Lincoln guaranteed southerners that he would protect their private property, though not their slaves. Most moderate Republicans in Congress supported the president’s proposal for Reconstruction because they wanted to bring a quick end to the war…. His (Lincoln’s) actions indicate that he wanted Reconstruction to be a short so that the United States could exist as it had before. But historians can only speculate that
Lincoln desired a swift reunification, for his assassination in 1865 cut his plans for Reconstruction short.

Presidential Reconstruction
Information from http://www.ushistory.org/us/35a.asp
Andrew Johnson, the 17th President of the United States, was pro-slavery throughout his career in the Senate and as the Military Governor of Tennessee.   The views of the Vice President rarely matter too much, unless something happens to
the President. Following Lincoln's assassination, Johnson's views now mattered a great deal. Would he follow Lincoln's moderate approach to reconciliation? Would he support limited black suffrage as Lincoln did? Would he follow the
Radical Republicans and be harsh and punitive toward the South? Johnson believed the Southern states should decide the course that was best for them. He also felt that African-Americans were unable to manage their own lives. He
certainly did not think that African-Americans deserved to vote. At one point in 1866 he told a group of blacks visiting the White House that they should emigrate to another country.

He also gave amnesty and pardon to former Confederates. He returned all property, except, of course, their slaves, to former Confederates who pledged loyalty to the Union and agreed to support the 13th Amendment. Confederate officials and owners of large taxable estates were required to apply individually for a Presidential pardon. Many former Confederate leaders were soon returned to power. And some even sought to regain their Congressional seniority.

Johnson's vision of Reconstruction had proved remarkably lenient. Very few Confederate leaders were persecuted. By 1866, 7,000 Presidential pardons had been granted. Brutal beatings of African-Americans were frequent. Still-powerful whites sought to subjugate freed slaves via harsh laws that came to be known as the BLACK CODES. Some states required written evidence of employment for the coming year or else the freed slaves would be required to work on plantations. In South Carolina, African-Americans had to pay a special tax if they were not farmers or servants. They were not even allowed to hunt or fish in some areas. Blacks were unable to own guns — and even had their dogs taxed. African-Americans were barred from orphanages, parks, schools and other public facilities. The FREEDMAN'S BUREAU, a federal agency created to help the
transition from slavery to emancipation, was thwarted in its attempts to provide for the welfare of the newly emancipated. All of these rules resulted in the majority of freed slaves remaining dependent on the plantation for work.

Andrew Johnson's policies were initially supported by most Northerners – including Republicans. But, there was no consensus as to what rights African-Americans received along with Emancipation. Yet a group of Radical Republicans wanted the rights promised in the Declaration of Independence extended to include all free men, including those who were formerly slaves. A political power struggle was in the offing

Radical Reconstruction led by Congress
Information from: http://www.ushistory.org/us/35b.asp
The Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites. They also believed that the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil War. Leaders like Pennsylvania REPRESENTATIVE THADDEUS STEVENS and Massachusetts SENATOR CHARLES SUMNER vigorously opposed Andrew Johnson's lenient policies. A great political battle was about to unfold.

At the heart of their (Radical Republican)beliefs was the notion that blacks must be given a chance to compete in a free-labor economy. In 1866, this activist Congress also introduced a bill to extend the life of the Freedmen's Bureau and began work on the CIVIL RIGHTS BILL of 1866. President Johnson stood in opposition. He vetoed the Freedmen's Bureau Bill, claiming that it would bloat the size of government. He vetoed the Civil Rights Bill rejecting that blacks have the "same rights of property and person" as whites.

Moderate Republicans were appalled at Johnson's racism. They joined with the Radicals to overturn Johnson's Civil Rights Act veto. This marked the first time in history that a major piece of legislation was overturned. The Radicals hoped that the Civil Rights Act would lead to an active federal judiciary with courts enforcing rights.

Congress then turned its attention to amending the Constitution. In 1867 they approved the far-reaching Fourteenth Amendment, which prohibited "states from abridging equality before the law." The second part of the Amendment provided for a reduction of a state's representatives if suffrage was denied. Republicans, in essence, offered the South a choice — accept black enfranchisement or lose congressional representation. A third clause barred ex-Confederates from holding state or national office. 

The Republicans went on to introduce the Reconstruction Act of 1867. This removed the right to vote and seek office by "leading rebels." Now the SOUTHERN
UNIONISTS — Southerners who supported the Union during the War — became the new Southern leadership. The Reconstruction Act also divided the South into five military districts under commanders empowered to employ the army to protect black property and citizens.

The first two years of Radical Congressional Reconstruction saw Southern states rewrite their Constitutions and the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment. Congress seemed fully in control. For the first time, blacks were elected to Congress, and in 1868, the new voters helped elect Republican U. S. Grant to the Presidency.  Black codes were repealed, segregation was outlawed.  By 1870, most Southern states had been admitted back into the Union. The 15th Amendment was
added to the Constitution that protected the right to vote to all citizens
regardless of “race or previous condition of servitude.  Congress set about rebuilding Southern lands.  Taxes in the South raised 400%.  Southerners blamed Republicans and freedmen for the high taxes.  Secret societies
such as the KKK were formed to threaten black voters and/or potential office holders. 

The End of Reconstruction
In 1872, Congress passed the Amnesty Act that permitted former Confederates in the South the right to vote. Southern voters elected most of the old Democrats back into power.   The KKK still threatened black voters.  And in 1876, the disputed presidential election resulted in what is called the Compromise of 1877.  The Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes took the presidency, but in return, he agreed to pull out the last of the military from the South.  Radical Reconstruction was officially over. Southern Democrats created Jim Crow laws, brought back segregation, andthey worked to limit the voting rights of freedman by imposing poll taxes and literacy tests.
]]> Wed, 10 Apr 2024 05:16:29 PDT //ams.alcoaschools.net/homeworkItem9895618 //ams.alcoaschools.net/apps/classes/1047331/assignments/
DBQ on the Google Form. Some of these questions may be used on the Reconstruction Unit Test. 

Step One:  Review Historical Background:  Reconstruction 1865-1877

After the Civil War, three different plans for Reconstruction would be proposed. Lincoln’s 10% plan, Andrew Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction, and Radical Reconstruction. Unfortunately, Lincoln’s plan was never successfully
implemented because of his assassination. Even worse, Andrew Johnson’s presidential Reconstruction plan  clashed
with Congress’ radical reconstruction plan. Johnson favored the South and worked against the Radical Republicans in Congress by vetoing and opposing their plan that was more strict in its approach towards the South. To better understand the story of Reconstruction, read the following passage and underline/highlight any important information.

Lincoln’s Original Plan for Reconstruction
Information from: http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/reconstruction/section1.rhtml

Lincoln’s blueprint for Reconstruction included the Ten-Percent Plan, which specified that a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10 percent of its voters (from the voter rolls for the election of 1860) swore an oath of allegiance to the Union.   All southerners except for high-ranking Confederate army officers and government officials would be granted a full pardon. Lincoln guaranteed southerners that he would protect their private property, though not their slaves. Most moderate Republicans in Congress supported the president’s proposal for Reconstruction because they wanted to bring a quick end to the war…. His (Lincoln’s) actions indicate that he wanted Reconstruction to be a short so that the United States could exist as it had before. But historians can only speculate that
Lincoln desired a swift reunification, for his assassination in 1865 cut his plans for Reconstruction short.

Presidential Reconstruction
Information from http://www.ushistory.org/us/35a.asp
Andrew Johnson, the 17th President of the United States, was pro-slavery throughout his career in the Senate and as the Military Governor of Tennessee.   The views of the Vice President rarely matter too much, unless something happens to
the President. Following Lincoln's assassination, Johnson's views now mattered a great deal. Would he follow Lincoln's moderate approach to reconciliation? Would he support limited black suffrage as Lincoln did? Would he follow the
Radical Republicans and be harsh and punitive toward the South? Johnson believed the Southern states should decide the course that was best for them. He also felt that African-Americans were unable to manage their own lives. He
certainly did not think that African-Americans deserved to vote. At one point in 1866 he told a group of blacks visiting the White House that they should emigrate to another country.

He also gave amnesty and pardon to former Confederates. He returned all property, except, of course, their slaves, to former Confederates who pledged loyalty to the Union and agreed to support the 13th Amendment. Confederate officials and owners of large taxable estates were required to apply individually for a Presidential pardon. Many former Confederate leaders were soon returned to power. And some even sought to regain their Congressional seniority.

Johnson's vision of Reconstruction had proved remarkably lenient. Very few Confederate leaders were persecuted. By 1866, 7,000 Presidential pardons had been granted. Brutal beatings of African-Americans were frequent. Still-powerful whites sought to subjugate freed slaves via harsh laws that came to be known as the BLACK CODES. Some states required written evidence of employment for the coming year or else the freed slaves would be required to work on plantations. In South Carolina, African-Americans had to pay a special tax if they were not farmers or servants. They were not even allowed to hunt or fish in some areas. Blacks were unable to own guns — and even had their dogs taxed. African-Americans were barred from orphanages, parks, schools and other public facilities. The FREEDMAN'S BUREAU, a federal agency created to help the
transition from slavery to emancipation, was thwarted in its attempts to provide for the welfare of the newly emancipated. All of these rules resulted in the majority of freed slaves remaining dependent on the plantation for work.

Andrew Johnson's policies were initially supported by most Northerners – including Republicans. But, there was no consensus as to what rights African-Americans received along with Emancipation. Yet a group of Radical Republicans wanted the rights promised in the Declaration of Independence extended to include all free men, including those who were formerly slaves. A political power struggle was in the offing

Radical Reconstruction led by Congress
Information from: http://www.ushistory.org/us/35b.asp
The Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites. They also believed that the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil War. Leaders like Pennsylvania REPRESENTATIVE THADDEUS STEVENS and Massachusetts SENATOR CHARLES SUMNER vigorously opposed Andrew Johnson's lenient policies. A great political battle was about to unfold.

At the heart of their (Radical Republican)beliefs was the notion that blacks must be given a chance to compete in a free-labor economy. In 1866, this activist Congress also introduced a bill to extend the life of the Freedmen's Bureau and began work on the CIVIL RIGHTS BILL of 1866. President Johnson stood in opposition. He vetoed the Freedmen's Bureau Bill, claiming that it would bloat the size of government. He vetoed the Civil Rights Bill rejecting that blacks have the "same rights of property and person" as whites.

Moderate Republicans were appalled at Johnson's racism. They joined with the Radicals to overturn Johnson's Civil Rights Act veto. This marked the first time in history that a major piece of legislation was overturned. The Radicals hoped that the Civil Rights Act would lead to an active federal judiciary with courts enforcing rights.

Congress then turned its attention to amending the Constitution. In 1867 they approved the far-reaching Fourteenth Amendment, which prohibited "states from abridging equality before the law." The second part of the Amendment provided for a reduction of a state's representatives if suffrage was denied. Republicans, in essence, offered the South a choice — accept black enfranchisement or lose congressional representation. A third clause barred ex-Confederates from holding state or national office. 

The Republicans went on to introduce the Reconstruction Act of 1867. This removed the right to vote and seek office by "leading rebels." Now the SOUTHERN
UNIONISTS — Southerners who supported the Union during the War — became the new Southern leadership. The Reconstruction Act also divided the South into five military districts under commanders empowered to employ the army to protect black property and citizens.

The first two years of Radical Congressional Reconstruction saw Southern states rewrite their Constitutions and the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment. Congress seemed fully in control. For the first time, blacks were elected to Congress, and in 1868, the new voters helped elect Republican U. S. Grant to the Presidency.  Black codes were repealed, segregation was outlawed.  By 1870, most Southern states had been admitted back into the Union. The 15th Amendment was
added to the Constitution that protected the right to vote to all citizens
regardless of “race or previous condition of servitude.  Congress set about rebuilding Southern lands.  Taxes in the South raised 400%.  Southerners blamed Republicans and freedmen for the high taxes.  Secret societies
such as the KKK were formed to threaten black voters and/or potential office holders. 

The End of Reconstruction
In 1872, Congress passed the Amnesty Act that permitted former Confederates in the South the right to vote. Southern voters elected most of the old Democrats back into power.   The KKK still threatened black voters.  And in 1876, the disputed presidential election resulted in what is called the Compromise of 1877.  The Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes took the presidency, but in return, he agreed to pull out the last of the military from the South.  Radical Reconstruction was officially over. Southern Democrats created Jim Crow laws, brought back segregation, andthey worked to limit the voting rights of freedman by imposing poll taxes and literacy tests.
]]> Wed, 10 Apr 2024 05:16:30 PDT //ams.alcoaschools.net/homeworkItem9895620 //ams.alcoaschools.net/apps/classes/1047331/assignments/
DBQ on the Google Form. Some of these questions may be used on the Reconstruction Unit Test. 

Step One:  Review Historical Background:  Reconstruction 1865-1877

After the Civil War, three different plans for Reconstruction would be proposed. Lincoln’s 10% plan, Andrew Johnson’s Presidential Reconstruction, and Radical Reconstruction. Unfortunately, Lincoln’s plan was never successfully
implemented because of his assassination. Even worse, Andrew Johnson’s presidential Reconstruction plan  clashed
with Congress’ radical reconstruction plan. Johnson favored the South and worked against the Radical Republicans in Congress by vetoing and opposing their plan that was more strict in its approach towards the South. To better understand the story of Reconstruction, read the following passage and underline/highlight any important information.

Lincoln’s Original Plan for Reconstruction
Information from: http://www.sparknotes.com/history/american/reconstruction/section1.rhtml

Lincoln’s blueprint for Reconstruction included the Ten-Percent Plan, which specified that a southern state could be readmitted into the Union once 10 percent of its voters (from the voter rolls for the election of 1860) swore an oath of allegiance to the Union.   All southerners except for high-ranking Confederate army officers and government officials would be granted a full pardon. Lincoln guaranteed southerners that he would protect their private property, though not their slaves. Most moderate Republicans in Congress supported the president’s proposal for Reconstruction because they wanted to bring a quick end to the war…. His (Lincoln’s) actions indicate that he wanted Reconstruction to be a short so that the United States could exist as it had before. But historians can only speculate that
Lincoln desired a swift reunification, for his assassination in 1865 cut his plans for Reconstruction short.

Presidential Reconstruction
Information from http://www.ushistory.org/us/35a.asp
Andrew Johnson, the 17th President of the United States, was pro-slavery throughout his career in the Senate and as the Military Governor of Tennessee.   The views of the Vice President rarely matter too much, unless something happens to
the President. Following Lincoln's assassination, Johnson's views now mattered a great deal. Would he follow Lincoln's moderate approach to reconciliation? Would he support limited black suffrage as Lincoln did? Would he follow the
Radical Republicans and be harsh and punitive toward the South? Johnson believed the Southern states should decide the course that was best for them. He also felt that African-Americans were unable to manage their own lives. He
certainly did not think that African-Americans deserved to vote. At one point in 1866 he told a group of blacks visiting the White House that they should emigrate to another country.

He also gave amnesty and pardon to former Confederates. He returned all property, except, of course, their slaves, to former Confederates who pledged loyalty to the Union and agreed to support the 13th Amendment. Confederate officials and owners of large taxable estates were required to apply individually for a Presidential pardon. Many former Confederate leaders were soon returned to power. And some even sought to regain their Congressional seniority.

Johnson's vision of Reconstruction had proved remarkably lenient. Very few Confederate leaders were persecuted. By 1866, 7,000 Presidential pardons had been granted. Brutal beatings of African-Americans were frequent. Still-powerful whites sought to subjugate freed slaves via harsh laws that came to be known as the BLACK CODES. Some states required written evidence of employment for the coming year or else the freed slaves would be required to work on plantations. In South Carolina, African-Americans had to pay a special tax if they were not farmers or servants. They were not even allowed to hunt or fish in some areas. Blacks were unable to own guns — and even had their dogs taxed. African-Americans were barred from orphanages, parks, schools and other public facilities. The FREEDMAN'S BUREAU, a federal agency created to help the
transition from slavery to emancipation, was thwarted in its attempts to provide for the welfare of the newly emancipated. All of these rules resulted in the majority of freed slaves remaining dependent on the plantation for work.

Andrew Johnson's policies were initially supported by most Northerners – including Republicans. But, there was no consensus as to what rights African-Americans received along with Emancipation. Yet a group of Radical Republicans wanted the rights promised in the Declaration of Independence extended to include all free men, including those who were formerly slaves. A political power struggle was in the offing

Radical Reconstruction led by Congress
Information from: http://www.ushistory.org/us/35b.asp
The Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites. They also believed that the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil War. Leaders like Pennsylvania REPRESENTATIVE THADDEUS STEVENS and Massachusetts SENATOR CHARLES SUMNER vigorously opposed Andrew Johnson's lenient policies. A great political battle was about to unfold.

At the heart of their (Radical Republican)beliefs was the notion that blacks must be given a chance to compete in a free-labor economy. In 1866, this activist Congress also introduced a bill to extend the life of the Freedmen's Bureau and began work on the CIVIL RIGHTS BILL of 1866. President Johnson stood in opposition. He vetoed the Freedmen's Bureau Bill, claiming that it would bloat the size of government. He vetoed the Civil Rights Bill rejecting that blacks have the "same rights of property and person" as whites.

Moderate Republicans were appalled at Johnson's racism. They joined with the Radicals to overturn Johnson's Civil Rights Act veto. This marked the first time in history that a major piece of legislation was overturned. The Radicals hoped that the Civil Rights Act would lead to an active federal judiciary with courts enforcing rights.

Congress then turned its attention to amending the Constitution. In 1867 they approved the far-reaching Fourteenth Amendment, which prohibited "states from abridging equality before the law." The second part of the Amendment provided for a reduction of a state's representatives if suffrage was denied. Republicans, in essence, offered the South a choice — accept black enfranchisement or lose congressional representation. A third clause barred ex-Confederates from holding state or national office. 

The Republicans went on to introduce the Reconstruction Act of 1867. This removed the right to vote and seek office by "leading rebels." Now the SOUTHERN
UNIONISTS — Southerners who supported the Union during the War — became the new Southern leadership. The Reconstruction Act also divided the South into five military districts under commanders empowered to employ the army to protect black property and citizens.

The first two years of Radical Congressional Reconstruction saw Southern states rewrite their Constitutions and the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment. Congress seemed fully in control. For the first time, blacks were elected to Congress, and in 1868, the new voters helped elect Republican U. S. Grant to the Presidency.  Black codes were repealed, segregation was outlawed.  By 1870, most Southern states had been admitted back into the Union. The 15th Amendment was
added to the Constitution that protected the right to vote to all citizens
regardless of “race or previous condition of servitude.  Congress set about rebuilding Southern lands.  Taxes in the South raised 400%.  Southerners blamed Republicans and freedmen for the high taxes.  Secret societies
such as the KKK were formed to threaten black voters and/or potential office holders. 

The End of Reconstruction
In 1872, Congress passed the Amnesty Act that permitted former Confederates in the South the right to vote. Southern voters elected most of the old Democrats back into power.   The KKK still threatened black voters.  And in 1876, the disputed presidential election resulted in what is called the Compromise of 1877.  The Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes took the presidency, but in return, he agreed to pull out the last of the military from the South.  Radical Reconstruction was officially over. Southern Democrats created Jim Crow laws, brought back segregation, andthey worked to limit the voting rights of freedman by imposing poll taxes and literacy tests.
]]> Wed, 10 Apr 2024 05:16:32 PDT //ams.alcoaschools.net/homeworkItem9902461 //ams.alcoaschools.net/apps/classes/1047331/assignments/ This is an open notes test (use your notebook)!!!

If you get done early then work on the TCAP Study Guide. Remember, this will count as a TEST GRADE for this class and it will be helpful in studying for the TCAP Post Assessment given on Friday.
]]> Thu, 11 Apr 2024 08:14:29 PDT //ams.alcoaschools.net/homeworkItem9902462 //ams.alcoaschools.net/apps/classes/1047331/assignments/ This is an open notes test (use your notebook)!!!

If you get done early then work on the TCAP Study Guide. Remember, this will count as a TEST GRADE for this class and it will be helpful in studying for the TCAP Post Assessment given on Friday.
]]> Thu, 11 Apr 2024 08:14:29 PDT